sequence risk

A calendar beside a stock chart illustrating how the worst year in the market changes with a longer time horizon
Market Risks

What a $10,000 Investment’s Worst Year Reveals About Time in the Market

Imagine two investors, each putting $10,000 into the S&P 500. One starts in 1982, at the dawn of an 18-year bull run. The other starts in 2000, at the peak of the dot-com bubble. Judged after twelve months, their results look like they belong to different asset classes — one investor is comfortably ahead, the other has watched a chunk of their money evaporate. Judged after thirty years, the gap narrows into something far less dramatic: both investors end up richer, even if by very different amounts. That contrast is the real subject of this article, and it points to a distinction many investors blur — the difference between short-term volatility and long-term investment risk.

A century of U.S. stock returns shown as a chart, highlighting how the average hides wide volatility and uneven compounding
Market History

A Century of U.S. Stock Returns: Why the Average Hides More Than It Reveals

Imagine buying U.S. stocks at some random moment over the past hundred years and then asking a simple question: what actually happened next? Not on average, not in theory — what happened to your money over the following month, year, decade, or two? The honest answer is unsettling for anyone who likes tidy numbers: it depends enormously on which “next” you’re asking about, and the single average return figure that gets quoted in almost every retirement calculator obscures that fact almost completely.

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